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1. Chiyambi
Kusungunula mkuwa pogwiritsa ntchito pyrometallurgical kumakhalabe njira yofunikira kwambiri yopangira mkuwa woyengedwa bwino, womwe umaposa 80% ya mphamvu yapadziko lonse lapansi. Njirayi imasintha ma concentrates a copper sulfide (makamaka chalcopyrite, CuFeS₂) kukhala mkuwa wa cathode woyengedwa bwino (≥99.99% Cu) kudzera mu ntchito zingapo za metallurgical zotentha kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za njira yolumikizirana yomwe ikuphatikizapo kusungunula kwa flash, kusintha, kuyeretsa anode, ndi kuyeretsa kwa electrolytic.
2. Kukonzekera ndi Kusakaniza Zosakaniza
Mafuta okhuthala a mkuwa (25-35% Cu) amafika m'chidebe chachikulu ndipo amasungidwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zophimbidwa. Chinyezi nthawi zambiri chimakhala cha 8-12% ndipo chiyenera kuchepetsedwa kufika pa ≤0.3% pogwiritsa ntchito ma uvuni ozungulira kapena makina oumitsira madzi kuti apewe kuphulika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri pakusungunula kwa madzi.
Kusakaniza kouma kumasakanizidwa ndi ma fluxes (quartz, limestone), ma reverts, ndi ma converter slag m'njira yolamulidwa bwino. Zomera zamakono zimagwiritsa ntchito ma disc feeders odziyimira pawokha komanso makina odzaza ma cell kuti zikwaniritse kusakaniza kolondola mkati mwa ± 0.5%.
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3. Kusungunula kwa Flash
Kusungunula kwa Flash ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wochizira zinthu zopangidwa ndi mkuwa wa sulfide, womwe ukuimiridwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi ma flash furniture a Outotec (tsopano Metso) ndi ma flash furniture opangidwa ndi China omwe amapangidwa ndi mpweya wochepa.
3.1 Mfundo Yoyendetsera Ntchito
Kuuma kwa mpweya kumalowetsedwa mu mpweya wotentha, wodzaza ndi mpweya (kuchuluka kwa mpweya 75-90%) pa 850-950°C. Ma reaction (kuumitsa, okosijeni, slag ndi matte) amatha pakatha masekondi 3-5, ndipo kutentha kwa reaction kumathandizira kuti kutentha kwa autothermal kugwire ntchito. Ma reaction ofunikira ndi awa: 4CuFeS₂ + 9O₂ → 4CuS + 2Fe₂O₃ + 8SO₂ 2FeS + 3O₂ + 2SiO₂ → 2FeO·SiO₂ + 2SO₂
3.2 Zipangizo Zofunika
- Mzere wochitirapo kanthu: Kutalika kwa 11-14 m, m'mimba mwake 7-9 m, wokutidwa ndi njerwa zapamwamba za magnesite-chrome ndi majekete amadzi amkuwa.
- Chokhazikika ndi chonyamulira: kulekanitsa mphamvu yokoka ya matte (65-75% Cu) ndi slag.
- Boiler yotenthetsera zinyalala: imabwezeretsa kutentha koyenera kuchokera ku ~550°C kunja kwa mpweya kuti ipange nthunzi.
- Chiŵerengero cha okosijeni ndi kukhuta: 1.15-1.25 Nm³ O₂/t kukhuta kouma
- Kutentha kwa shaft yochitapo kanthu: 1250-1300°C
- Kutentha kosalala: 1180-1220°C
- Chiŵerengero cha Slag Fe/SiO₂: 1.1-1.4, mkuwa mu slag ≤0.6%
3.3 Magawo Ofunikira Olamulira
Kuchuluka kwa ng'anjo imodzi yoyaka moto kumafika pa 4000-5500 t/d concentrate yokhala ndi mphamvu ya kutentha >98% komanso pafupifupi 100% SO₂ capture.
4. Kutembenuza
Matte amasamutsidwa kudzera m'mabatani ochapira kapena ma ladle otenthedwa ndi magetsi kupita ku ma converter a Peirce-Smith kapena ma uvuni osinthira mosalekeza.
4.1 Gawo Lopanga Zinyalala
Mpweya wolemera ndi okosijeni (25-35% O₂) umafufuzidwa kuti upangitse kuti sulfide ikhale yachitsulo. Zotsalira zokhala ndi 2-8% Cu zimachotsedwa ndikubwezeretsedwa ku kusungunula kwa flash.
4.2 Gawo Lopangira Mkuwa
Kupitiliza kupukutira kumapangitsa kuti Cu₂S ikhale blister copper (98.5-99.3% Cu) pa 1180-1230°C.
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1. Kuyika Koyilo Yaikulu & Kuyiyika Pakati Payokha → Galimoto ya hydraulic coil ya matani 15 + photoelectric servo EPC, cholakwika cha kulinganiza mzere wapakati < 0.1 mm
2. Kutsegula & Kukhazikitsa Kupsinjika → Buleki ya ufa wa maginito + chowongolera cha servo chotsekedwa, 50–1500 N chosinthika bwino
3. Kudula Molondola Kwambiri → Ma disc a tungsten carbide kapena PM HSS ochokera kunja, spindle runout ≤ 0.002 mm, spacers pansi mpaka ± 0.001 mm, real time clocking relief
4. Kukonza Ma Edge Trim → Zozungulira zodziyimira pawokha zokhala ndi mitu iwiri; zomangirazo zimabwezedwa ngati ma coil kapena zophwanyidwa pamalopo
5. Kubwerera m'mbuyo & Kudzipatula kwa Kupsinjika → Kudzipatula kwa munthu aliyense pa chingwe chilichonse, mandrel ozungulira mpweya + chitetezo cha ngodya yodziyimira payokha, kulumikizana kwa nkhope ≤ ± 0.3 mm
6. Kudula Kokha & Kulongedza → Kuchepetsa → kudula → kukulunga pepala → chizindikiro → kutulutsa mumasekondi 45
Njira Yonse Yodulira Coil Yodzipangira Yokha
5. Kuyeretsa Moto wa Furnace ya Anode
Mkuwa wa blister umayikidwa mu uvuni wa anode wa 50-500 t wosasuntha kapena wopindika kuti uchepetse kukhuthala kwa okosijeni.
5.1 Gawo la Oxidation
Mpweya kapena mpweya woipa umachotsa zotsalira za Fe, Ni, As, Sb, ndi Bi ngati slag yoyandama.
5.2 Gawo Lochepetsa
Mpweya wa okosijeni umachepetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wachilengedwe, dizilo, kapena mitengo yamatabwa kufika pa 150-300 ppm. Mkuwa woyengedwa umaponyedwa mu anode 300-450 kg (Cu ≥99.0%).
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6.1 Mikhalidwe Yogwirira Ntchito
- Kuchuluka kwamakono: 220-320 A/m²
- Magetsi a selo: 0.22-0.32 V
- Kutentha kwa Electrolyte: 60-65°C
- Cu²⁺: 40-55 g/L, H₂SO₄ yaulere: 150-220 g/L
6.2 Machitidwe a Electrochemical
Kusungunuka kwa anode: Cu → Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ Zinthu zambiri zabwino (Au, Ag, Se, Te) zimanena za matope a anode; zinthu zochepa zabwino zimalowa mu yankho. Kuyika kwa cathode kumapeza ≥99.993% Cu ikukumana ndi zofunikira za LME Giredi A.
7. Kuchiza ndi Kuteteza Kuchilengedwe Kunja kwa Gasi
Mpweya wolemera wa SO₂ wochokera ku ng'anjo ya flash, ma converter, ndi ma anode furnaces umaziziritsidwa, kuchotsedwa fumbi, ndikukonzedwa mu zomera za asidi wokhudzana kawiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti sulfure ibwererenso >99.8%. Mpweya wa mchira wa SO₂ uli pansi pa 100 mg/Nm³. Arsenic, mercury, ndi zitsulo zina zolemera zimachotsedwa kudzera mu njira zapadera.
8. Mapeto
Kupangidwa kwa mkuwa wamakono kwakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, zochita zokha, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino pa chilengedwe. Mapepala oyeretsera a flash smelting-continuous converting-anode refine-electrorefining amapereka mphamvu zonse zobwezerezedwanso za mkuwa >98.5% komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zenizeni za 280-320 kgce/t cathode, zomwe zikuyimira miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kukula kosalekeza kwa okosijeni, ukadaulo wopanga mkuwa mosalekeza, ndi kuwongolera njira zama digito kudzapititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito komanso kukhazikika.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-24-2025